Xiaomi Mi A1specificationstechnogurunews



Xiaomi Mi A1 (Mi 5X) Android smartphone gallery - high-resolution pictures, official photos. Xiaomi Mi A1 review: performance. Insider there’s an octa-core Snapdragon 625 and 4GB of RAM with 64GB of storage. In everyday use it actually outperforms rivals such as the Redmi Note 4 thanks. Click it here to buy: https://plus.google.com/u/0. Xiaomi Mi A1 is the Xiaomi's first smartphone featuring stock Android thanks to its partnership with Google. With features like metal body, dual rear camera.

Xiaomi

Retail box

The Mi A1 looks like a love child between the OnePlus 5 and the Xiaomi Redmi Note 4. The face of the phone will remind you of the Redmi Note 4, albeit with more rounded corners.

The Xiaomi Mi A1 ships in a plain-looking cardboard box with Android One logos all over. The contents are as basic: a USB Type-C cable and a 5V/2A charger. There are no headphones or a case included this time, but then again the 5X was missing those too.


The retail box • the Xiaomi Mi A1

Xiaomi Mi A1 360-degree spin

The Xiaomi Mi A1 is as big as the Mi 5X and pretty much comparable to the majority of the 5.5-inchers out there. It measures 155.4 x 75.8 x 7.3mm, which is 4mm taller than the Redmi Note 4 but a bit thinner. It weighs as much as the Note 4 at 165g.

Design

The Xiaomi Mi A1's design is both traditional and contemporary. The overall impression is indeed very familiar if you've seen and experienced the Mi 5X, Mi Max 2 and a bunch of Redmi Notes. We can't complain about the all-metal chassis - it is both premium-looking and sturdy-feeling.

The Mi A1 follows the company's new design, which gets rid of the plastic strips on the back. Now the whole phone case is made of metal and the company has adopted the new, less intrusive antenna lines. So, whatever color option you choose - black, gold, or rose gold - the Mi A1 will look fresh and stylish.

The 5.5' screen occupies most of the front and has a Corning Gorilla Glass for protection against scratches. The signature capacitive keys are below the display, featuring white backlighting for the button labels.

The rest of the Xiaomi Mi A1 is made of metal with a very pleasant matte finish. The antenna strips run along the top and bottom edge at the back. The fingerprint sensor sits comfortably in the middle, while the dual-camera module is budging in the left corner but has a nice glossy rim to make that a feature instead of a flaw.

The fingerprint scanner is always-on and very accurate. Upon tapping with a recorded finger it wakes and unlocks the Mi A1 in a flash.

The Xiaomi Mi A1 is a pretty handsome device, comfortable to handle and operate. It provides a reasonably secure grip not only because of its balanced weight distribution and matte finish, but also thanks to the chamfer where the screen meets the frame. Lastly, the build is well up to standard, solid and gap-free, so overall the Mi A1 has it all figured out when it comes to design and looks.


Handling the Xiaomi Mi A1

Device overview

The Mi A1 looks like a typical Xiaomi specimen, even if it doesn't run MIUI. You'll spot the usual arrangement above the screen, where the earpiece is flanked by a notification LED, a bunch of sensors and the selfie camera.

The backlit capacitive keys - Task Switcher, Home, and Back - are below the 5.5' screen.


Xiaomi Mi A1 • the earpiece • the Android keys

The hybrid SIM slot is the only thing to note on the left side - and it can either take two nano-SIMs or you can swap one of those for a microSD card.

The volume rocker and the power/lock key are on the left side of the Mi A1.


The left side • the SIM slot • the right side • the metal keys

Just like the Mi 5X, the Mi A1 also comes with an IR blaster at the top. The noise-cancelling mic is nearby too.

The bottom of the Mi A1 has the USB Type-C port, the mouthpiece, the audio jack, and the loudspeaker.


The top of the Mi A1 • the bottom • the USB port

The dual-camera is on the back, accompanied by a dual-tone flash. The fingerprint scanner is around too.


The back of the Mi A1 • the fingerprint scanner • the dual-camera and its hump


Brand

Brand name of the company that manufactures the device.

Xiaomi
Model

Model name of the device.

Mi A1

Design

Information about the dimensions and weight of the device, shown in different measurement units. Body materials, available colors, certifications.

Width

Information about the width, i.e. the horizontal side of the device when it is used in its standard orientation.

75.8 mm (millimeters)
7.58 cm (centimeters)
0.249 ft (feet)
2.984 in (inches)
Height

Information about the height, i.e. the vertical side of the device when it is used in its standard orientation.

155.4 mm (millimeters)
15.54 cm (centimeters)
0.51 ft (feet)
6.118 in (inches)
Thickness

Information about the thickness/depth of the device in different measurement units.

7.3 mm (millimeters)
0.73 cm (centimeters)
0.024 ft (feet)
0.287 in (inches)
Weight

Information about the weight of the device in different measurement units.

168 g (grams)
0.37 lbs (pounds)
5.93 oz (ounces)
Volume

Estimated volume of the device, calculated from the dimensions provided by the manufacturer. Applies for devices in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped.

85.99 cm³ (cubic centimeters)
5.22 in³ (cubic inches)
Colors

Information about the colors, in which the device is available in the market.

Gold
Black
Rose-gold
Red
Body materials

Materials used in the fabrication of the device's body.

Metal
SIM card type

Information about the type and size (form factor) of the SIM card used in the device.

Nano-SIM / microSD
Nano-SIM (4FF - fourth form factor, since 2012, 12.30 x 8.80 x 0.67 mm)
Number of SIM cards

Information about the number of SIM cards, supported by the device.

2

Networks

A mobile (cellular) network is a radio system, which allows a large number of mobile devices to communicate with each other.

GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) was developed to replace the analog cellular network (1G), therefore it is referred to as a 2G mobile network. It has been improved with the addition of General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) and later via the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology.

GSM 850 MHz
GSM 900 MHz
GSM 1800 MHz
GSM 1900 MHz
UMTS

UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. Based on the GSM standard, it is deemed as a 3G mobile network standard. It has been developed by the 3GPP and its major advantage is the provision of greater bandwidth and spectral efficiency, due to the W-CDMA technology.

UMTS 850 MHz
UMTS 900 MHz
UMTS 1900 MHz
UMTS 2100 MHz
LTE

LTE is deemed to be the fourth generation (4G) of mobile communications technology. It has been developed by the 3GPP based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies in order to increase the speed and capacity of wireless data networks. A further development of the technology is called LTE Advanced.

LTE 800 MHz
LTE 850 MHz
LTE 900 MHz
LTE 1800 MHz
LTE 2100 MHz
LTE 2600 MHz
LTE-TDD 1900 MHz (B39)
LTE-TDD 2300 MHz (B40)
LTE-TDD 2500 MHz (B41)
LTE-TDD 2600 MHz (B38)
Mobile network technologies

There are several network technologies that enhance the performance of mobile networks mainly by increased data bandwidth. Information about the communication technologies supported by the device and their respective uplink and downlink bandwidth.

UMTS (384 kbit/s )
EDGE
GPRS
HSPA+
LTE Cat 6 (51.0 Mbit/s , 301.5 Mbit/s )

Operating system

Operating system is the system software, which manages and controls the functioning of the hardware components of the device.

Operating system (OS)

Information about the operating system used by the device as well as its version.

Android 7.1.2 Nougat
Android 8.0 Oreo
Android 8.1 Oreo
Android 9.0 Pie
SoC

The SoC integrates different hardware components such as the CPU, GPU, memory, peripherals, interfaces, etc., as well as software for their functioning.

Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 MSM8953
Process technology

Information about the process technology used in manufacturing the chip. The value in nanometers represents half the distance between elements that make up the CPU.

14 nm (nanometers)
CPU

CPU is the Central Processing Unit or the processor of a mobile device. Its main function is to interpret and execute instructions contained in software applications.

ARM Cortex-A53
CPU bits

The CPU bits are determined by the bit-size of the processor registers, address buses and data buses. 64-bit CPUs provide better performance than 32-bit ones, which on their part perform better than 16-bit processors.

64 bit
Instruction set

The instruction set architecture (ISA) is a set of commands used by the software to manage the CPU's work. Information about the set of instructions the processor can execute.

ARMv8
CPU cores

A CPU core is the processor unit, which executes software instructions. Presently, besides single-core processors, there are dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core and so on multi-core processors. They increase the performance of the device allowing the execution of multiple instructions in parallel.

8
CPU frequency

The frequency of the processor describes its clock rate in cycles per second. It is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

2000 MHz (megahertz)
GPU

GPU is a graphical processing unit, which handles computation for 2D/3D graphics applications. In mobile devices GPU is usually utilized by games, UI, video playback, etc. GPU can also perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the CPU.

Qualcomm Adreno 506
GPU frequency

The frequency is the clock rate of the graphic processor (GPU), which is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

650 MHz (megahertz)
RAM capacity

RAM (Random-Access Memory) is used by the operating system and all installed applications. Data in the RAM is lost after the device is turned off or restarted.

4 GB (gigabytes)
RAM type

Information about the type of RAM used by the device.

LPDDR3
RAM channels

Information about the number of RAM channels integrated in the SoC. More channels mean higher data transfer rates.

Single channel
RAM frequency

RAM frequency relates directly to the rate of reading/writing from/in the RAM memory.

933 MHz (megahertz)
Xiaomi Mi A1specificationstechnogurunews

Storage

Every mobile device has a built-in storage (internal memory) with a fixed capacity.

Storage

Information about the capacity of the built-in storage of the device. Sometimes one and the same model may is offered in variants with different internal storage capacity.

64 GB (gigabytes)
Types

The various types of memory cards are characterized by different sizes and capacity. Information about the supported types of memory cards.

microSD
microSDHC
microSDXC

Display

The display of a mobile device is characterized by its technology, resolution, pixel density, diagonal length, color depth, etc.

Type/technology

One of the main characteristics of the display is its type/technology, on which depends its performance.

IPS
Diagonal size

In mobile devices display size is represented by the length of its diagonal measured in inches.

5.5 in (inches)
139.7 mm (millimeters)
13.97 cm (centimeters)
Width

Approximate width of the display

2.7 in (inches)
68.49 mm (millimeters)
6.85 cm (centimeters)
Height

Approximate height of the display

4.79 in (inches)
121.76 mm (millimeters)
12.18 cm (centimeters)
Aspect ratio

The ratio between the long and the short side of the display

1.778:1
16:9
Resolution

The display resolution shows the number of pixels on the horizontal and vertical side of the screen. The higher the resolution is, the greater the detail of the displayed content.

1080 x 1920 pixels
Pixel density

Information about the number of pixels per centimeter (ppcm) or per inch (ppi) of the display. The higher the pixel density, the more detailed and clearer is the information displayed on the screen.

401 ppi (pixels per inch)
157 ppcm (pixels per centimeter)
Color depth

The color depth of the display is also known as bit depth. It shows the number of bits used for the color components of one pixel. Information about the maximum number of colors the screen can display.

24 bit
16777216 colors
Display area

The estimated percentage of the screen area from the device's front area.

71.02 % (percent)
Other features

Information about other functions and features of the display.

Capacitive
Multi-touch
Display manufacturer - Tianma
Corning Gorilla Glass 3
2.5D curved glass screen
LTPS (Low Temperature PolySilicon)
1000:1 contrast ratio
450 cd/m²
Sensors

Sensors vary in type and purpose. They increase the overall functionality of the device, in which they are integrated.

Proximity
Light
Accelerometer
Compass
Gyroscope
Fingerprint
Hall
Fingerprint sensor model - Fingerprint Cards FPC1035

Rear camera

The primary camera of the mobile device is usually placed on its back and can be combined with one or more additional cameras.

Sensor model

Information about the manufacturer and model of the image sensor used by this camera of the device.

OmniVision OV12A10
Sensor type

Information about the sensor type of the camera. Some of the most widely used types of image sensors on mobile devices are CMOS, BSI, ISOCELL, etc.

PureCel
Sensor size

Information about the dimensions of the image sensor used in the device. Usually cameras with larger sensors and less pixel density tend to provide better image quality despite the lower resolution.

5.11 x 3.84 mm (millimeters)
0.25 in (inches)
Pixel size

Pixels are usually measured in microns (μm). Larger ones are capable of recording more light, hence, will offer better low light shooting and wider dynamic range compared to the smaller pixels. On the other hand, smaller pixels allow for increasing the resolution while preserving the same sensor size.

1.277 µm (micrometers)
0.001277 mm (millimeters)
Crop factor

Crop factor is the ratio of the dimensions of a full frame camera's sensor (36 x 24 mm, which equals the frame size of a 35 mm film) and the dimensions of the image sensor of the device. The number shown is the ratio between the diagonals of a full frame sensor (43.3 mm) and the sensor in question.

6.77
ISO

The ISO rating or number is an indicator of how sensitive a camera's image sensor is to light. Image sensors operate within a specific ISO range. The higher the ISO rating is, the more sensitive to light the sensor is.

100 - 3200
Aperture

The aperture (f-stop number) indicates the size of the lens diaphragm opening, which controls the amount of light reaching the image sensor. The lower the f-stop number, the larger the diaphragm opening is, hence, the more light reaches the sensor. Usually, the f-stop number specified is the one that corresponds to the maximum possible diaphragm opening.

f/2.2
Focal length and 35 mm equivalent

Focal length is the distance in millimeters from the focal point of the image sensor to the optical center of the lens. The 35 mm equivalent indicates the focal length at which a full-frame camera will achieve an angle of view that's the same as the one of the camera of the mobile device. It is measured by multiplying the native focal length of the camera by the crop factor of the sensor. The crop factor itself can be determined as the ratio between the diagonal distances of the image sensor in the 35 mm camera and a given sensor.

3.81 mm (millimeters)
25.81 mm (millimeters)*(35 mm / full frame)
Number of lenses

Information about the number of lenses used by the optical system of the camera.

5
Flash type

The rear cameras of mobile devices use mainly a LED flash. It may arrive in a single, dual- or multi-light setup and in different arrangements.

Dual LED
Image resolution

One of the main characteristics of the cameras is their image resolution. It states the number of pixels on the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the image, which can also be shown in megapixels that indicate the approximate number of pixels in millions.

4000 x 3000 pixels
12 MP (megapixels)
Video resolution

Information about the maximum resolution at which the rear camera can shoot videos.

3840 x 2160 pixels
8.29 MP (megapixels)
Video FPS

Information about the maximum number of frames per second (fps) supported by the rear camera while recording video at the maximum resolution. Some of the main standard frame rates for recording and playing video are 24 fps, 25 fps, 30 fps, 60 fps.

30 fps (frames per second)
Features

Information about additional software and hardware features of the rear camera which improve its overall performance.

Autofocus
Continuous shooting
Digital zoom
Geotagging
Panorama
HDR
Touch focus
Face detection
White balance settings
ISO settings
Exposure compensation
Self-timer
Scene mode
Phase detection autofocus (PDAF)
Sensor type - PureCel Plus
720p @ 120 fps
Secondary rear camera - 12 MP (telephoto)
Sensor model - OmniVision OV13880 (#2)
Pixel size - 1.0 μm (#2)
Aperture size - f/2.6 (#2)
5-element lens (#2)
Focal length (35 mm equivalent) - 50 mm (#2)

Xiaomi Mi A1 Specifications Techno Guru News Pakistan

Sensor model

Information about the manufacturer and model of the image sensor used by this camera of the device.

Samsung S5K5E8
Sensor type

Information about the sensor type of the camera. Some of the most widely used types of image sensors on mobile devices are CMOS, BSI, ISOCELL, etc.

CMOS BSI (backside illumination)
Sensor size

Information about the dimensions of the image sensor used in the device. Usually cameras with larger sensors and less pixel density tend to provide better image quality despite the lower resolution.

2.9 x 2.15 mm (millimeters)
0.14 in (inches)
Pixel size

Pixels are usually measured in microns (μm). Larger ones are capable of recording more light, hence, will offer better low light shooting and wider dynamic range compared to the smaller pixels. On the other hand, smaller pixels allow for increasing the resolution while preserving the same sensor size.

1.119 µm (micrometers)
0.001119 mm (millimeters)
Crop factor

Crop factor is the ratio of the dimensions of a full frame camera's sensor (36 x 24 mm, which equals the frame size of a 35 mm film) and the dimensions of the image sensor of the device. The number shown is the ratio between the diagonals of a full frame sensor (43.3 mm) and the sensor in question.

11.99
Aperture

The aperture (f-stop number) indicates the size of the lens diaphragm opening, which controls the amount of light reaching the image sensor. The lower the f-stop number, the larger the diaphragm opening is, hence, the more light reaches the sensor. Usually, the f-stop number specified is the one that corresponds to the maximum possible diaphragm opening.

f/2
Focal length and 35 mm equivalent

Focal length is the distance in millimeters from the focal point of the image sensor to the optical center of the lens. The 35 mm equivalent indicates the focal length at which a full-frame camera will achieve an angle of view that's the same as the one of the camera of the mobile device. It is measured by multiplying the native focal length of the camera by the crop factor of the sensor. The crop factor itself can be determined as the ratio between the diagonal distances of the image sensor in the 35 mm camera and a given sensor.

3 mm (millimeters)
35.96 mm (millimeters)*(35 mm / full frame)
Image resolution

Information about the number of pixels on the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the photos taken by the front camera, indicated in megapixels as well.

2592 x 1944 pixels
5.04 MP (megapixels)
Video resolution

Information about the maximum resolution of the videos shot by the front camera.

1920 x 1080 pixels
2.07 MP (megapixels)
Video FPS

Digital cameras are able to shoot videos at different frames per second (fps). Some of the main standard frame rates for recording and playing video are 24 fps, 25 fps, 30 fps, 60 fps. Information about the maximum possible fps for shooting videos at the maximum possible resolution.

30 fps (frames per second)

Audio

Information about the type of speakers and the audio technologies supported by the device.

Speaker

The loudspeaker is a device, which reproduces various sounds such as ring tones, alarms, music, voice calls, etc. Information about the type of speakers the device uses.

Loudspeaker
Earpiece
Dirac HD Sound
DHS Audio Calibration Algorithm
Radio

Information whether the device has an FM radio receiver or not.

Yes

Tracking/Positioning

Information about the positioning and navigation technologies supported by the device.

Tracking/Positioning

The tracking/positioning service is provided by various satellite navigation systems, which track the autonomous geo-spatial positioning of the device that supports them. The most common satellite navigation systems are the GPS and the GLONASS. There are also non-satellite technologies for locating mobile devices such as the Enhanced Observed Time Difference, Enhanced 911, GSM Cell ID.

GPS
A-GPS
GLONASS
BeiDou
Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi communication between devices is realized via the IEEE 802.11 standards. Some devices have the possibility to serve as Wi-Fi Hotspots by providing internet access for other nearby devices. Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi P2P) is another useful standard that allows devices to communicate with each other without the need for wireless access point (WAP).

802.11a (IEEE 802.11a-1999)
802.11b (IEEE 802.11b-1999)
802.11g (IEEE 802.11g-2003)
802.11n (IEEE 802.11n-2009)
802.11n 5GHz
802.11ac (IEEE 802.11ac)
Dual band
Wi-Fi Hotspot
Wi-Fi Direct
Wi-Fi Display

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a standard for secure wireless data transfer between different types of devices over short distances.

Version

The technology has several versions, which improve the connection speed, range, connectivity and discoverability of the devices. Information about the Bluetooth version of the device.

4.2
Features

Bluetooth uses various profiles and protocols related to faster exchange of data, energy saving, better device discoverability, etc. Some of those supported by the device are listed here.

A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile)
HID (Human Interface Profile)
Connector type

There are several USB connector types: the Standard one, the Mini and Micro connectors, On-The-Go connectors, etc. Type of the USB connector used by the device.

USB Type-C
Version

There are several versions of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard: USB 1.0 (1996), the USB 2.0 (2000), the USB 3.0 (2008), etc. With each following version the rate of data transfer is increased.

2.0
Features

Тhe USB interface in mobile devices may be used for different purposes such as battery charging, using the device as a mass storage, host, etc.

Charging
Host
Mass storage
On-The-Go

Headphone jack

The headphone jack is an audio phone connector, a.k.a. an audio jack. The most widely used one in mobile devices is the 3.5 mm headphone jack.

Headphone jack

Information whether the device is equipped with a 3.5 mm audio jack.

Yes
Connectivity

Information about some of the most widely used connectivity technologies supported by the device.

Computer sync
OTA sync
Infrared
Tethering
VoLTE

Browser

A web browser is a software application for accessing, fetching, displaying and navigating through information on the World Wide Web.

Browser

Information about some of the features and standards supported by the browser of the device.

HTML
HTML5
CSS 3
Audio file formats/codecs

List of some of the most common audio file formats and codecs supported standardly by the device.

AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
AAC+ / aacPlus / HE-AAC v1
AC3 / AC-3
AMR / AMR-NB / GSM-AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate, .amr, .3ga)
eAAC+ / aacPlus v2 / HE-AAC v2
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec, .flac)
MIDI
MP3 (MPEG-2 Audio Layer II, .mp3)
OGG (.ogg, .ogv, .oga, .ogx, .spx, .opus)
WMA (Windows Media Audio, .wma)
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format, .wav, .wave)

Xiaomi Mi A1 Amazon

Video file formats/codecs

Mobile devices support various video file formats and codecs, which respectively store and code/decode digital video data.

Video file formats/codecs

List of some of the most common video file formats and codecs supported standardly by the device.

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, .3gp)
AVI (Audio Video Interleaved, .avi)
H.263
H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 / AVC video
MKV (Matroska Multimedia Container, .mkv .mk3d .mka .mks)
MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14, .mp4, .m4a, .m4p, .m4b, .m4r, .m4v)
VC-1
VP8
Xvid
Capacity

The capacity of a battery shows the maximum charge, which it can store, measured in mili-Ampere hours.

3080 mAh (milliampere-hours)
Type

The battery type is determined by its structure and more specifically, by the chemicals used in it. There are different battery types and some of the most commonly used in mobile devices are the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) and the lithium-ion polymer battery (Li-Polymer).

Li-Polymer
Charger output power

Information about the electric current (amperes) and voltage (volts) the charger outputs. The higher power output allows faster charging.

5 V (volts) / 2 A (amps)
Features

Information about some additional features of the device's battery.

Fast charging
Non-removable
Battery model: BN31

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

Xiaomi Mi A1 Specs

The SAR rating shows the amount of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body when using a mobile device, expressed in W/kg.

Xiaomi Mi A1 Specifications Techno Guru News 2016

Head SAR (EU)

The SAR head rating shows the highest level of exposure to electromagnetic radiation measured when the device is held next to the ear in a talk position. In Europe, the SAR limit for hand-held mobile devices is set to 2 W/kg per 10 g of tissue. This standard is specified by the CENELEC, complies with the IEC standards and follows the ICNIRP Guidelines 1998.

1.75 W/kg (watts per kilogram)
Body SAR (EU)

This SAR rating shows the highest level of exposure to electromagnetic radiation measured when the device is placed at the hip level. The top SAR value for mobile devices used in Europe is limited to 2 W/kg per 10 g of tissue. This standard follows the ICNIRP Guidelines 1998 as well as the IEC standards and is determined by the CENELEC.

0.76 W/kg (watts per kilogram)
Head SAR (USA)

This SAR rating shows the maximum level of exposure to electromagnetic radiation taken when the device is placed next to the ear. The applicable limit for the US is 1.6 W/kg per 1 g of tissue. In the US the FCC tests and sets the SAR limits for all mobile devices, which are controlled by the CTIA.

1.26 W/kg (watts per kilogram)
Body SAR (USA)

The SAR body rating shows the maximum level of exposure to electromagnetic radiation when the device is positioned against the body at the hip. The highest SAR value of mobile devices allowed in the US is set to 1.6 W/kg per 1 g of tissue. It is specified by the FCC and the CTIA follows whether the mobile devices comply with this standard.

0.17 W/kg (watts per kilogram)